RESOURCES Books/Pamphlets -- Theses/Dissertations -- Articles -- Newspaper Articles-- Court Cases -- Web Sites -- Other
Alexander, William, Cassandra Newby-Alexander, and Charles H. Ford, eds. 2008. Voices from within the veil: African Americans and the experience of democracy. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (E185 .V65 2008)
Bartley, Numan V. 1969. The rise of massive resistance: Race and politics in the South during the 1950's. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. (F216.2.B37)
Brewbaker, John Joseph. 1960. Desegregation in the Norfolk public schools. Norfolk, Va.: Southern Regional Council. (Pamphlet, ILL)
Campbell, Ernest Queener. 1960. When a city closes its schools. Chapel Hill: Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina. (LA381.N8.C3)
Eaton, Susan E. and Christina Meldrum. 1996. Broken promises: Resegregation in Norfolk, Virginia. In Dismantling desegregation: The quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education, ed. Gary Orfield and Susan E. Eaton: pp. 115-141. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (LC212.62.O72 1996)
Ely, James W. 1976. The crisis of conservative Virginia: The Byrd organization and the politics of massive resistance. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. (LC214.22.V8E48)
Fisher, Paul L. and Ralph Lynn Lowenstein, eds. 1967. Race and the news media. New York: Praeger. (E185.61.F84 1965aa)
Ford, Charles H. 2008. The ecumenical moment: Religious support for integrated schools in Norfolk, 1954-1959. In Voices from within the veil: African American perspectives on democracy ed. William Alexander, Cassandra Newby-Alexander and Charles H. Ford:315-29. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (E185 .V65 2008)
Gates, Robbins Ladew. 1964. The making of massive resistance: Virginia's politics of public school desegregation, 1954-1956. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. (LA379.G35 1964)
Gordon, Margaret L. 1988. A documented history of the First Baptist Church, Bute Street, Norfolk, Virginia, 1800-1988: Rev. Dr. G. Murray, pastor. Virginia Beach, Va.: Hill's Printing Co. (BX6480.V8.N83 1988)
Heidelberg, Andrew I. 2006. The Norfolk 17: A personal narrative on desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1958-1962. Pittsburgh, Pa.: RoseDog Books. (LC214.23.N75.H45 2006)
Jones, Leon. 1979. From Brown to Boston: Desegregation in education, 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. (LC214.2.J6)
Lassiter, Matthew D. and Andrew B. Lewis. 1998. The moderates' dilemma: Massive resistance to school desegregation in Virginia. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. (LC214.22.V8.M63 1998)
Leidholdt, Alexander. 1997. Standing before the shouting mob: Lenoir Chambers and Virginia's massive resistance to public-school integration. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. (LC214.22.V8L45 1997)
Lewis, Earl. 1991. In their own interests: Race, class, and power in twentieth-century Norfolk, Virginia. Berkeley: University of California Press. (F234.N8.L48 1991)
Lightsey, William M. 1959. Organizing to save public schools: How Virginians rallied to the defense of the public school system in the Virginia Committee for Public Schools. Manassas, Va.: Messenger Press. (Pamphlet, Available PDF)
Littlejohn, Jeffrey L. and Charles Howard Ford. Elusive equality: Desegregation and resegregation in Norfolk's public schools. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012. (LC214.23.N75 L58 2012 and electronic)
Mays, David John and Sweeney James R. 2008. Race, reason, and massive resistance: The diary of David J. Mays, 1954-1959. Politics and culture in the twentieth-century South. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. (KF373.M393 A3 2008)
Muse, Benjamin. 1961. Virginia's massive resistance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (LA379.M8)
________. 1964. Ten years of prelude: The story of integration since the Supreme Court's 1954 decision. New York: Viking Press. (E185.61.M989)
Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, Jeffrey Littlejohn, Charles H. Ford, Sonia Yaco, and Norfolk Historical Society. 2009. Hampton roads: Remembering our schools. Charleston, SC: History Press.
Parramore, Thomas C., Peter C. Stewart, and Tommy Bogger. 1994. Norfolk: The first four centuries. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Chapter 25: A sojourn in the Byrd-cage. (F234.N8.P375 1994)
Peltason, J. W. 1961. Fifty-eight lonely men: Southern Federal judges and school desegregation. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. (KF4155.P4)
Reif, Jane. 1960. Crisis in Norfolk. [Richmond] Virginia Council on Human Relations. (Item 054-001-005-001)
Rorer, Henry S. 1968. History of Norfolk public schools, 1681-1968. Unpublished manuscript. (LA381.N6.R6 1968)
White, Forrest R. 1992. Pride and prejudice: School desegregation and urban renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. (HT177.N66.W45 1992)
Burnette, Ann Elizabeth. 1996. A lost cause revisited: Virginia's massive resistance, 1954-1962. Ph.D., Northwestern University. (ILL)
Cool, Frank Warren, III. 1983. A study of the Norfolk public school desegregation process (Virginia). Ed.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (LC214.23.N8C66 1983 Special Collections)
Ford, Nancy Parker. 1989. The peaceful resolution of Norfolk's integration crisis of 1958-1959. Thesis (MA), Old Dominion University. (LD4331.H47 F53)
Hershman, James Howard Jr. 1978. A rumbling in the museum: The opponents of Virginia's massive resistance. Ph.D., University of Virginia. (ILL)
Jewell-Jackson, Deborah Moira. 1995. Ending mandatory busing for desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia: A case study explaining the decision-making process in a formerly de jure southern school district. Ed.D., Harvard University. (LC214.23.N8J49 1995 Special Collections)
Leidholdt, Alexander Stewart. 1991. The "Virginian-Pilot" newspaper's role in moderating Norfolk, Virginia's 1958 school desegregation crisis. Ph.D., Old Dominion University. (LD4331.U54L43)
Neff, David Pembroke. 1992. The Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties, 1954-1967. Thesis (MA), Old Dominion University. (LD4331.H47N44)
Nichols, James Andrew. 2003. The turning of a city's soul: Norfolk's public school integration crisis, 1954-1959. Thesis (MA), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09192003-125601)
White, Forrest R. 1991. School desegregation and urban renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959. Ph.D., Old Dominion University. (LD4331.U54W39)
[Note: Various articles from 1950s and 1960s are included in the database.]
Bly, Antonio T. 1998. The thunder during the storm -- school desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia, 1957-1959: A local history. Journal of Negro Education 67, no. 2: 106-114.
Carr, Leslie G. 1990. Resegregation: The Norfolk case. Urban Education 24, no. 4: 404-413.
Littlejohn, Jeffrey L. and Charles H. Ford. "Arthur D. Morse, School Desegregation, and the Making of CBS News, 1955–1964." American Journalism 31, no. 2 (2014): 166-185.
Littlejohn, Jeffrey L. and Charles H. Ford. "Moving 'Mere Pawns on the Chessboard': Walter E. Hoffman, Jr., School Desegregation, and Busing in Norfolk, Virginia." Southern Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South 22, no. 2 (2015): 47-72.
Morris, James Mcgrath. 2001. A chink in the armor: The black-led struggle for school desegregation in Arlington, Virginia, and the end of massive resistance. Journal of Policy History 13, no. 3: 329-366.
Newman, Mark. 1997. The Baptist General Association of Virginia and desegregation, 1931-1980. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 105, no. 3: 257-.
Pace, David. 1974. Lenoir Chambers opposes massive resistance: An editor against Virginia's democratic organization, 1955-1959. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 82, no. 4: 415-429.
Parkinson, Robert G. 2004. First from the right: Massive resistance and the image of Thomas Jefferson in the 1950s. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 112, no. 1: 2-35.
Robinson, William H. 1959. Integration's delay and frustration tolerance. Journal of Negro Education 28, no. 4: 472-475.
Rosenthal, Steven J. 1979. Racism and desegregation at Old Dominion University. Integrated Education 17, no. 1-2: 40-42.
Virginia's 'massive resistance' laws declared unconstitutional. 1959. Journal of Negro Education 28, no. 2: 163-172.
White, Forrest R. 1994. Brown revisted. Phi Delta Kappan 76, no. 1: 13-20.
[Note: Various articles from 1950s and 1960s are included in the database.]
Batts, Denise Watson. "When the wall came tumbling down." Six-part series. The Virginian-Pilot, September 28-October 3, 2008. (http://hamptonroads.com/2008/09/special-report-fighting-massive-resistance)
Bradley, Paul. "Norfolk integration still elusive." The Virginian-Pilot, May 16, 2004. (Factiva)
Friddell, Guy. "Taking a stand: A historian details the impact of a courageous newspaper editor on Norfolk's integration struggle." The Virginian-Pilot, May 4, 1997 (Lexis-Nexis)
Friedman, Vicki L. "Busting through the color line: Norview's Andy Heidelberg recalls the role he played in integrating high school sports in Virginia." The Virginian-Pilot, February 26, 1995.
Garza, Sonja. "Veteran recalls crossing color line at Virginia high school." San Antonio Express-News, February 29, 2004. (Lexis-Nexis)
Gruss, Mike and Philip Walzer. "Pioneers of Progress." (Series: Brown v. Board of Education: 1954-2004). The Virginian-Pilot, February 1, 2004. (Factiva)
Guy, Louis. "Massive resistance had many victims." The Virginian-Pilot, July 4, 2004. (Factiva)
King, Kristen. "Granby's 'Lost Class' seeks diplomas." The Virginian-Pilot, February 25, 2004 (Factiva)
Kruse, Meredith. "Standing up for history: City recognizes former students for their role on racial front line." The Virginian-Pilot, February 27, 2002. (Lexis-Nexis)
Mooney, Jeanne. "A reflection of diversity: Schools promote awareness of heritages; and some teachers provide living lessons." The Virginian-Pilot, August 15, 2002. (Factiva)
Morgan, Nicole. "A turning point in history: Event remembers the 'Norfolk 17'.” (Series: Brown V. Board Of Education: 1954-2004.) The Virginian-Pilot, May 17, 2004.
Murphy, John. "A testimony to hope: Shunned by Norfolk's schools, 17 black students were educated at First Baptist Church until desegregation was recognized." The Virginian-Pilot, January 5, 1998. (Lexis-Nexis)
Pressley, Sue Anne and Bobbye Pratt. "A personal history lesson: Va. high school classmates face their own legacy." Washington Post, May 2, 2004. (Factiva)
Stone, Steve. "Attempting to end segregation, courts order busing; Angry whites respond by placing their children in private or suburban schools." The Virginian-Pilot, October 31, 1999 (Lexis-Nexis)
Stone, Steve. "'Massive resistance' deepens a racial wound; Virginia defies federally mandated desegregation by closing its schools." The Virginian-Pilot, August 29, 1999.
Wharton, Tony. "Church recalls its help for students fighting for right 17 got advice, support to integrate." Roanoke Times & World News, January 4, 1998. (Factiva)
Wharton, Tony. "Norfolk 17 celebrate 40 years after a civil rights milestone closure of six public schools put city, state in Federal battle." The Virginian-Pilot, January 3, 1998. (Factiva)
Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. 1954. 347 U.S.483. Supreme Court of the United States. (link)
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk, Virginia. In Federal Supplement, 148:430: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division (no. 2214). (The Norfolk Desegregation Papers (MG-92) contain depositions, briefs, interrogatories and proceedings for this case from 1957-1970.)
Ruth Pendleton James, a minor, etc., et al. v. J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Governor of Virginia, et al. 1959. In Federal Supplement, 170:331: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division.
Ruth Pendleton James, a minor, etc., et al. v. W. Fred Duckworth, et al. 1959. In Federal Supplement, 170:342: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division. Duckworth v. James appeal - May 18, 1959 decided - 267 F. 2d 224
American Bar Association. ABA Commission on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. http://www.abanet.org/brown/home.html.
Brown Foundation. In pursuit of freedom & equality: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. http://www.brownvboard.org/.
Daily Press. Newport News. With resistance: Integration arrives in Hampton Roads despite protests. http://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-brown09,0,2920936.story.
Library of Congress. American Memory. The civil rights era: Desegregation. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html.
Library of Virginia. Brown v. Board of Education: Virginia responds. http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/brown/index.htm.
National Public Radio. Looking back: Brown v. Board of Education, school desegregation fight ended with landmark legal decision. http://www.npr.org/news/specials/brown50/.
Norfolk State University. The Brown decision in Norfolk, Virginia. http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/.
________. Legislative documents and films (The Brown decision in Norfolk, Virginia). http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/primarydocuments.htm.
________. Political cartoons and massive resistance in Virginia. http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/cartoon/index.htm.
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Brown v. Board of Education: National historic site. http://www.nps.gov/brvb.
Virginia Center for Digital History. The ground beneath our feet: Episode 3: Massive resistance. http://www.vahistory.org/massive.resistance/index.html.
Virginia Commonwealth University. Separate but not equal: Race, education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia. http://www.library.vcu.edu/jbc/speccoll/pec01.html.
________. Virginia civil rights movement video initiative. http://www.library.vcu.edu/jbc/speccoll/civilrights.html.
Virginia Historical Society. The civil rights movement in Virginia. http://www.vahistorical.org/civilrights/massiveresistance.htm.
Virginia Tech. Educational Policy Institute. Segregation, desegregation, re-segregation: Lessons learned about equity in our schools. http://www.epi.elps.vt.edu/SYMPOSIUM/index.htm.
Yale University Law School. An interactive civil rights chronology. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/brown/index.html.
A Timeline of Civil Rights in the US" http://www.gettysburgflag.com/TimelineAmericanCivilRights.php
ORAL HISTORIES:
N17 Video Oral Histories. The Brown Decision in Norfolk, Virginia -- Norfolk State University. http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/
Oral Histories in the Perry Library. Special Collections, Old Dominion University Libraries, Norfolk, Virginia. http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/oralhistory/
Ray, Sam. Interview with Sam Ray. February 10, 1987. (former principal Blair Middle School) The Oral History of the Principalship. Digital Library and Archives, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/faculty_archives/principalship/r/126ray.html
Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia black history archives: African-American Richmond: Educational segregation and desegregation. http://www.library.vcu.edu/jbc/speccoll/vbha/school/school.html.
VIDEO:
CBS Production. “The Lost Class of '59,” TV soundtrack, January 21, 1959. Chicago, IL: J. Fred MacDonald, 1987. (Special Coll/Videos: PN1991.8.A35 L67 2003)
CBS Production. “The Other Face of Dixie,” VHS, production of CBS News; producer, Arthur D. Morse. New York: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2003. (Special Coll/Videos: LC212.522.S7 O84 2003)
MacDonald & Associates, African-American Films, Films from our newsreel catalogues. http://www.macfilms.com/afro-a.htm
Norfolk State University. Legislative documents and films (The Brown decision in Norfolk, Virginia). http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/primarydocuments.htm.
Virginia Center for Digital History. The ground beneath our feet: Episode 3: Massive resistance. http://www.vahistory.org/massive.resistance/index.html.
Virginia Center for Digital History. Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970 -- http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilrightstv
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